One of the greatest achievements in medical science is organ transplant surgery. People who have failing organs and are doomed to die can now be given a new lease on life by the generosity of organ donors who are giving part of their own bodies to save or enhance the lives of others. However, there are many ethical issues and controversies pertaining to organ transplants.
Discussions on the ethics on organ transplants invariably will attract questions like for instance:-
Can human organs be traded commercially, if not why? Should a person who has already received one transplant be allowed another one? Should alcoholics be given liver transplants, where after all, it was their alcoholism that damages their livers in the first place? What are the sources of organs used in organ transplants operations?
Perhaps the most controversial topics of these ethical debates are about the procurement and distribution of human organs for transplant and are centered on the questions of how do we get the organs and how do we decide who will receive organ transplants?
Since there are always fewer organ donors than there are potential recipients, this fact make the debate on who should get the organ available very emotional and heated which is not surprising because lives are at stake.
To compound the problem, organ transplants are very expensive surgical procedures and only the rich can afford them. Poorer folks may never get the opportunity of a transplant even if they need it more urgently than their richer counterparts. Should the choice of who get the organs be dependant upon who can afford it?
Then there is the issue of not everyone agreeing when death of the donor actually occurs. Is it when the heart and lungs stop functioning or the donor is certified brain dead?
What about consent of the donor? At the present moment, a donor has to expressly agree for organ donor ship in order for organs to be removed except in Singapore which have the controversial Human Organ Transplant Act (HOTA). The Act assumed that all Singapore citizens have consented to be organ donors unless opted out. However, Muslims are exempted from the Act for religious reasons.
Which is the better way to get consent from the donors? By enacting legislations or relying on willing donors?
Since most people can live with only one kidney or one eye, which are organs which can be donated while the donor is still alive. Should the donor be allowed to sell his kidney? The argument against allowing commercial trade on human organs is that it may encourage poor people to sell their organs and even may encourage unethical syndicate organ trading rackets.
There are people suffering and are on the death row waiting for organ transplants to save their lives and decisions about the ethics of organ transplants will have a tremendous impact on them. What is your position on these ethical issues of human organ transplants?
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Erectile dysfunction is a condition that most men fear worse than any other health problem. While this may sound quite illogical, knowing that there are many more serious diseases and conditions that can affect a man’s health, erectile dysfunction still remains to be one of the most unpleasant that can happen. And it will certainly happen at a certain point of a man’s life as almost all men experience erectile problems regardless of their age.
But what is erectile dysfunction?
Some men believe that erectile dysfunction (ED) is when they can get an erection from time to time. Occasional problems with erection are common in all men no matter what your friends would like you to believe about their abilities. A little stress at work, a close deadline you can’t stop thinking about, too much beer last night – these are only some of examples when erection can go wrong. But this doesn’t mean that you have erectile dysfunction! Doctors define erectile dysfunction as the inability to obtain and sustain an erection hard enough for successful intimacy in more than 25% of all attempts. And that’s a lot more than you probably encounter. However, if your statistics are saying that you have ED it’s time to pay your doctor a visit.
What can cause erectile dysfunction?
Before you rush off to buy Cialis, first learn what the causes of ED are because they are crucial for defining the right type of treatment to overcome the condition with. Erectile dysfunction usually has two types of causes behind it that are usually divided into physiological and psychological categories. Quite often there’s a mix of both categories, however by improving any of the factors you will be able to overcome the main cause too.
Psychological causes of ED:
- stress
- fatigue
- depression
- mental illness
- relationship problems
- lack of interest in the current partner
Physiological causes of ED:
- diabetes
- high blood pressure
- kidney disease
- heart disease
- alcoholism or smoking
- recreational drug abuse
- medication side effects
- physically deformed penis
- injuries in the penile area
As you may understand different causes require different methods and you can’t treat ED caused by depression with drugs like Cialis.
If you have a psychological factor causing erectile dysfunction then you will need a help of a psychotherapist, nothing more. An experienced profession is able to solve your problem in a couple of sessions without any medications or special procedures.
If your erectile problems are caused by physiological factors then you will need something more substantial than group therapy. First, by eliminating or improving the condition causing ED you will definitely experience improvements in your sexual abilities. For example, if you have diabetes lowering your blood sugar levels will contribute to better and stronger erections over some time. In most cases of when physiological factors are involved you can use drugs like generic Cialis to improve your condition. These drugs will increase the blood flow in the penile area that is usually affected by the majority of the mentioned conditions. If you are drinking, smoking or abusing street drugs you will notice substantial improvement in your erectile function after kicking these bad habits. Lifestyle changes can also be crucial for eliminating ED, especially if you have stationary work and don’t have much physical activity throughout the day. Exercise more, switch to a healthier diet and your erections will improve respectively!
The diagnosis of a disorder in relation to anxiety is always a question of fact and degree. It is perfectly natural for people to worry or feel anxious in different situations where a threat is present. Allowing for the sensitivity in the use of the words, our ability to foresee and predict has been essential to our evolution as a species. We survive because we see the risks in our environment and take precautions. Thus, drawing a positive line between “natural” anxiety and irrational levels of anxiety suggesting a disorder is always a matter of opinion – the victim of the uncontrolled anxiety sees the quality of life disappear, and objective observers see a need for intervention to protect the individual or others from the possibility of harm. This diagnosis can often be complicated by physical factors such as substance abuse. It may be necessary to treat the physical problems including, say, alcoholism, before or alongside the anxiety. Similarly, the presence of depression will require a different approach.
For the medical profession, the constant debate is how to strike a balance between the need to give effective treatment, and the healthcare model which, for the most part, is for-profit. Almost all the research during the last century proves the benefits of the various types of psychotherapy. Making the patient the focus of attention and relating to that patient as an individual with needs is, in itself, a major therapy. Allowing the patient the time to talk through problems and devise strategies for coping gives the individual ownership over the solutions – a necessary mental step in making the strategies effective. The moment you approach the patient as an inconvenience – reduce choice over treatment options in favor of medication – the majority either give up or grow defensive and resentful. Doctors have often responded by making treatment using medication compulsory. Listen to hospital administrators and they will tell you the cost of labor in providing psychotherapy to all patients is impossible to fund. Listen to the pharmaceutical industry and it will tell you there are effective drugs to cure all problems without the need for expensive therapy. In a capitalist model, medication therefore tends to win out over psychotherapy.
This is not to say that drugs like valium are not effective. In fact, the majority of people feel less anxious when they begin taking it. But drugs like valium do not “cure” the underlying problems. For that, you need physicians, psychiatrists, therapists, counselors and social workers to reach out to each person and offer support. With proper care, most people with anxiety disorders can live normal lives as self-confidence returns. This places valium in its most effective role – to provide a respite, a breathing space during which the psychotherapy can encourage the individual to start making the changes necessary for the anxiety to fade. For these purposes, the best type of psychotherapy is cognitive behavioral therapy where people are trained to rethink the way in which they respond to pressure. They are exposed to the feared social situations and grow less sensitive. They learn how to cope without worrying. It would be wonderful if you could patent this and put it in a bottle. The manufacturer would make a fortune and earn the profound gratitude of everyone who has ever had an anxiety or panic attack. Until then, we have to rely on talk as the best form of treatment.
As is always the way when it comes to medical matters, the first step is diagnosis. The patient consults his or her regular doctor and, if a specialist’s opinion is required, there will be a referral to a psychologist. The patient is the primary source of information about symptoms – most of the symptoms will be obvious physical behavior including increased heart rate, faster breathing, sweating, etc. shaded by subjective factors offering an insight into what has triggered worries of this level of intensity. In deciding whether this is a true case of anxiety disorder, the anxiety must have become persistent and significantly affect the quality of life. A key factor is whether there is a genuine and continuing reason for the anxiety. If the anxiety is not completely rational, it will be considered a disorder. However, the diagnosis and subsequent decisions of treatment can be complicated if there are social or physical contributions to the anxiety state. If the person is going through a long-running divorce or finds the work environment stressful, it may be necessary to resolve those problems first. Only then can the doctor see whether the anxiety is sufficiently irrational to justify treatment as a disorder. Similarly, if there are serious health problems including alcoholism and substance abuse, it will be necessary to treat those conditions. It may well be that, as the health issues are resolved, the anxieties reduce. If the patient has been through previous treatment, it will be very important to review exactly what happened and, if possible, decide why that treatment was not successful. It would be a waste of everyone’s time to repeat what was done before. Then comes the decision on finding a balance between medication and psychotherapy. The pressure from the health insurance industry is to find the cheapest solution. Experience has shown the premium rates rising fast and, to maintain profitability as the number of people carrying insurance falls, treatment options costing the least are encouraged. Doctors, the clinics and hospitals are also coming under financial pressure. A lot of time and space is required to provide one-to-one psychotherapy. This forces the for-profit medical profession to prefer medication. Why is this a bad outcome? All the research shows therapy and counseling as significantly more effective than the use of drugs. Indeed, the only effect of a drug like xanax is to help the patient feel comfortably numb. Anti-anxiety drugs do not solve the underlying problems causing the anxiety. Their only purpose is to help keep the anxiety under control. But without the necessary therapy, patients have nowhere else to run and hide. They are effectively pushed down the route of dependence on drugs to live the rest of their lives with some peace. While this is great for the pharmaceutical industry because it now has millions of customers depending on its drugs, it is completely against the interests of the patients. They have the continuing cost of the drugs as a drain on the family budget, and the threat of withdrawal symptoms adding to their psychological difficulties if they attempt to stop. This is not to say that xanax is in any way a bad drug or that people should not take it. But it was only designed for short-term use. Potentially taking it for years is not in the patients’ interests.